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An interpretation of quantum mechanics is a set of statements which attempt to explain quantum mechanics beyond existing theory. Although quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and thorough experimental testing, many of these experiments are open to different interpretations. There exist a number of contending schools of thought, differing over whether quantum mechanics can be understood to be deterministic, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered "real", and other matters. This question is of special interest to philosophers of physics, as physicists continue to show a strong interest in the subject. They usually consider an interpretation of quantum mechanics as an interpretation of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, specifying the physical meaning of the mathematical entities of the theory. == History of interpretations == The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as ''wavefunctions'' and ''matrix mechanics'', progressed through many stages. For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wavefunction as its charge density smeared across the field, whereas Max Born reinterpreted it as the electron's probability density distributed across the field. There was detailed and vigorous debate about this and many other related questions at the fifth Solvay Conference in 1927.〔''Électrons et Photons: Rapports et Discussions du Cinquième Conseil de Physique, tenu à Bruxelles du 24 au 29 Octobre 1927, sous les Auspices de l'Institut International de Physique Solvay'' (1928), Gauthier-Villars, Paris.〕 Debate has continued right to present times.〔Jammer, M. (1974). ''The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: the Interpretations of QM in Historical Perspective'', Wiley, USA, ISBN 0-471-43958-4.〕〔Bacciagaluppi, G., Valentini, A. (2009), ''Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-0-521-81421-8.〕 An early interpretation has acquired the label Copenhagen interpretation, and is often used. Amongst more recent interpretational concepts are quantum decoherence〔Roland Omnes (1994). ''The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03669-1.〕〔Giulini, D., Joos, E., Kiefer, C., Kupsch, J., Stamatescu, I.-O., Zeh, H.D, (1996). ''Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory'', Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-61394-3.〕〔Roland Omnes (1999). ''Understanding Quantum Mechanics'', Princeton University Press.〕〔Roland Omnes (1994). ''Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science'', Princeton University Press.〕 and many worlds.〔Deutsch, D. (1986). Three connections between Everett's interpretation and experiment, pp. 215–225 in ''Quantum Concepts of Space and Time'', edited by R. Penrose and C.J. Isham, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 0-19-851972-9.〕〔Vaidman, L. (2002, March 24). Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/#Teg98〕〔A controversial poll mentioned in ''The Physics of Immortality'' (1994) found that of 72 "leading cosmologists and other quantum field theorists", 58% including Stephen Hawking, Murray Gell-Mann, and Richard Feynman supported a many-worlds interpretation .〕 During most of the 20th century, collapse theories were clearly the mainstream view, and the question of "interpretation" of quantum mechanics mostly revolved around how to interpret "collapse". Proponents of either "pilot-wave" (de Broglie-Bohm-like) or "many-worlds" (Everettian) interpretations tend to emphasize how their respective camps were intellectually marginalized throughout 1950s to 1980s. In this sense, all non-collapse theories are (historically) "minority" interpretations. However, since the 1990s, there has been a resurgence of interest in non-collapse theories. The ''Stanford Encyclopedia'' as of 2015 groups interpretations of quantum mechanics into "Bohmian mechanics" (pilot-wave theories),〔Goldstein, Sheldon, "(Bohmian Mechanics )", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition).〕 "collapse theories",〔Ghirardi, Giancarlo, "(Collapse Theories )", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition).〕 "many-worlds interpretations",〔Vaidman, Lev, "(Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics )", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition)〕 "modal interpretation"〔Lombardi, Olimpia and Dieks, Dennis, "(Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics )", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition).〕 and "relational interpretations"〔Laudisa, Federico and Rovelli, Carlo, "(Relational Quantum Mechanics )", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition)〕 as classes of into which most suggestions may be grouped. As a rough guide development of the mainstream view during the 1990s to 2000s, consider the "snapshot" of opinions collected in a poll by Schlosshauer et al. at the 2011 "Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality" conference of July 2011.〔 〕 The authors reference a similarly informal poll carried out by Max Tegmark at the "Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory" conference in August 1997. The main conclusion of the authors is that "the Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: :"The Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme here, especially if we lump it together with intellectual offsprings such as information-based interpretations and the Quantum Bayesian interpretation. In Tegmark's poll, the Everett interpretation received 17% of the vote, which is similar to the number of votes (18%) in our poll." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Interpretations of quantum mechanics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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